Personal Statement Personal Finance - 1628 Words

Introduction Personal finance is overall a very important topic that many people don’t know enough about. Investing is something that I do not know enough about and I know it is a very important. My parents have always told me that you need to do something with the money you don’t currently need because you could be making a profit off of it and you won’t by just putting it in the bank. When I was younger I used to get bonds from family as presents, one of those bonds that you can buy for about $5 and in 10 years it would be worth $20. As I got older my dad helped me put some of my money into a fixed term bank account where I had to keep the money for year long periods and I received higher interest. Eventually I decided I wanted to invest money into the stock market, but I did this by giving my dad the money and telling him he had four years to make me a profit so I had the money by the time I graduated college. But by doing it this way I know nothing about whe re the money is or how to manage it myself. I am interested in learning more about investing, focusing on the stock market but there are many different types of investments. There are bonds, mutual funds, stocks, and then there are other types such as real estate (â€Å"Investing 101: Types of Investments†.) Bonds Bonds are a type of fixed income security in which you are lending a certain amount of your money and in a set amount of years they pay you back with interest. Bonds are relatively risk free when you buy theShow MoreRelatedPersonal Statement : Personal Finance1607 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Finance Personal finance decision is a very important decision as it involves management of day-to-day finances of an individual or his family. Personal finance includes not only obtaining, budgeting, saving, and spending monetary resources over time but also taking into account various financial risks and future life events. It includes all activities which an individual is concerned about like investment, insurance, tax, debt servicing, mortgages etc. Financial planning involves analysingRead MorePersonal Statement On Personal Finance1724 Words   |  7 Pages Knowledge about personal finance is not always common knowledge and although money touches most modern homes, most parents don’t teach their kids about money either. It can be hard to find time in a busy schedule to figure out when and how to adjust your time to set up a proper budget so instead you just decide to live pay check to paycheck because it got your parents by and now it gets you by and that has just always work ed. One day you have to grow up and realize that those consequences ofRead MorePersonal Statement : Personal Finance1534 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Finance The most important part of having any success in your financial security is to have a sound financial plan. This is the process of managing your money to achieve personal economic satisfaction (pg. 5). Throughout this course I have learned many strategies that I will be able to use to gain financial security. Reading these chapters has helped me to realize that I do not have a good grip on my finances. I hope to take what I have learned and be in a more secure financial state thatRead MorePersonal Statement : Marketing And Finance804 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Statement Growing up in a business background where my family had been in the international trade business for the last hundred years, I was always amazed to see how data science gradually involved in our family business. I have also gained insight into the data science tools and how data science improved our business decision-making and performance. During the past three years, I have found my post-graduation in Marketing and Finance comes out to support my success on my professional careerRead MorePersonal Statement : Finance And Discipleship809 Words   |  4 Pages My previous job was Finance and Discipleship Director in a local church with Sunday attendance of approximately 300 including children and growing. I loved my job! As far as job involvement – the degree to which people identify psychologically with their job and consider their perceived performance level important to self-worth – went, I was fully involved knowing I was exactly where God wanted me to be (Robbins Judge, 2009). People were growing in their relationship with Christ becauseRead MorePersonal Finance and Financial Statements1801 Words   |  8 Pagesverification. Task: I P1. Explore the sources of finance available for the business P1.1- Identify the sources of finance available for the business P1.1 P1.2. assess the implications of the different sources P1.2 P1.3- select appropriate sources of finance for the business project P1.3 P2. Analyze the implication of finance as a resource within the business P2.1. assess and compare the costs of different sources of finance P2.1 P2.2.explain the importance of financialRead MorePersonal Statement On Finance Of Portfolio Management908 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I ask this question, most don’t have anything to say except, â€Å"my advisor handles that.† Of course my next question is, â€Å"so, what is your advisor’s sell discipline?† Once I explain the importance of having not only a buy discipline but also a sell discipline, they become intrigued. I will attempt to explain that for you here. Most financial advisers are not portfolio managers. They will tell you this on the front end. They often describe their role as a â€Å"portfolio manager of portfolioRead MoreMy Personal Goal Statement in Accounting and Finance814 Words   |  4 PagesMy Personal Goal Statement in Accounting and Finance ‘Accounting is like Art’. You have to analyse every aspect before making a just decision. A teacher of mine once told me that if you were good at art, you would be good at accounts. It was hard to find her logic at first, but after I choosing to take Principles of Accounts in SPM, it all began to make sense. You need logic; everything has a set order and method. Each piece is placed carefully and has a high significance amongst itsRead MorePersonal Financial Goals And Objectives Essay1044 Words   |  5 Pagesnecessary when you are further from the set goal. When it comes to money, most individuals would love to manage their personal finances so that they achieve maximum satisfaction from each available currency. To achieve this goal, you must first identify the financial goals and set priorities. Personal financial planning is the process through which individual manages their finances to achieve maximum satisfaction. It does not matter if you are self-employed, highly paid executive or newly employedRead MorePersonal Financial Planning1579 Words   |  7 Pages | | |2011-2012 Academic Year | ADM 3445 (FR01B) Personal Financial Planning Course Outline Instructor: E. Otuteye Term: Winter 2012 Office: SH 362 Day(s): W Phone: 506 458-7354 Time: 7:00-9:50pm Email: otuteye@unb.ca Classroom: SH 161 Office hours: Th, F 2:00 – 3:00;

Leadership Skills And Practices Of Leadership Essay

1. Leadership is defined by several principles of knowledge, applied knowledge and results. Oxford Dictionary defined leadership simply as, â€Å"the action of leading a group of people or an organization†. The Coast Guard sets a great store on the concept and application of leadership skills and practices. The service begins training the enlisted workforce leadership skills at the most basic level in boot camp, with primary focus on followership, team building and effective communications; all of which are elements for leadership. We place such a store on leadership the Coast Guard created the Leadership Development Center (LDC) with a primary focus on training leadership to the enlisted and officer workforce. The LDC created the enlisted leadership continuum which brings us the Apprentice Leadership Program, Leadership and Management School, Chief Petty Officer’s Academy, Senior Enlisted Leadership Academy. 2. Working for over two decades in the Coast Guard I have had the privilege to serve and work alongside great leaders. Ironically, some of the best lessons learned were from leaders who were the antithesis to what I call â€Å"inspired leadership†. Due in large part to less than positive experiences, I became somewhat of an authoritarian basing my perceived leadership skills to my professional power base and developed a rather draconian leadership style. This style worked well for me to accomplish goals assigned to my work force but it left something to be desired forShow MoreRelatedLeadership Skills Through Extensive Practice1189 Words   |  5 Pagesstill some debate about whether leadership is something people are born with while many others have perfected leadership skills through extensive practice Spurgeons, (2007). Leader is words often used to describe individuals who possess exceptional values, communication skills, confidence, respect, and effectively use their t rust and influence to promote harmony in teamwork. We perfect these goals by cooperation and interconnecting the behavior. Effective leadership is much more than merely givingRead MoreThe Practices Of Successful Project Managers, Their Leadership Skills, And Management Roles2206 Words   |  9 PagesAccording to PMBOK  ® Guide, â€Å"Leadership is the ability to get things done through others and focusing the efforts of a group of people toward a common goal and enabling them to work as a team† (PMBOK, 2013). Being the project manager or director does not only require the task of a supervisor but also a leader and an authority. The leader manages, communicates, motivates and guides the entire team project and entities involved with it. In this paper, we will discuss the practices of successful project managersRead MoreSkills And Style Survey : Walden University1178 Words   |  5 PagesWk2AssgnJLayman: Skills and Style Survey Walden University Ph.D. Public Policy and Administration â€Æ' Introduction This is an introduction to the Skills Inventory introduced in Chapter 3 of the textbook â€Å"Leadership: Theory and Practice† by Peter Northouse, a tool by which one can measure leadership strengths in three major skill areas, Technical, Human Conceptual (Northouse, 2016). An additional introduction is made to the Leadership Behavior Questionnaire, which measures the type of leadership behaviorRead MoreLeadership For An Advanced Practice Nurse997 Words   |  4 PagesIndividual Leadership Assessment Paper Meta Cristiano NUR 604-QM2: Leadership in Advanced Nursing Practice Roles School of Nursing University of Alabama at Birmingham Fall, 2016 Individual Leadership Assessment Leadership is a very important role for an advanced practice nurse. There are many leadership styles a person can utilize when working in a collaborative team environment. It is the responsibility of an advance practice nurse to take on a leadership role and findingRead MoreLeadership Professional Standards For Nurses1280 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership Professional Standard Leadership, one of the seven professional standards outlined by the College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO), discusses how nurses are to be leaders in the workplace and with patients. This includes teaching health practices as well as promoting good health. Good leadership is demonstrated through educating future nurses, leading within the workplace, and being part of a nursing groups and organizations. Nurses should be working together to improve the care for all patientsRead MoreThe World Of Business And Politics1496 Words   |  6 Pagesbehaviors, and takes a first step toward an integrative theory of how leader traits and behaviors influence leadership effectiveness. There are processes to accomplish this, which are followed by a three-stage process. First, based on a narrative review of the literature, a conceptual model is developed that organizes the current literature and models how leader traits and behaviors affect leadership effectiveness. Second, the relative validity is tested of select leader traits and behaviors using a combinationRead MoreEffective Management Of Organizational Standards Of Practice Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership in healthcare requires navigation, skill, and adaptability within the ever chan ging healthcare delivery system. Seven central leadership issues have been investigated for effective management of organizational standards of practice, in a two part case study. The following is part 1 of the leadership case study addressing: leadership and current healthcare environment, leadership and patient outcomes, and leadership and change management. Information for the case study was gathered by aRead MoreExecutive Summary : Partex Star Group1370 Words   |  6 Pageswell. The leadership assessment of Md. Quamruzzaman, COO and AKM Tariqul Islam, Head of Human Resources revealed their concern to change leadership structure in the organization. Their goal is to develop exemplary leaders in the organization and adopt the finest leadership culture. The purposes of this report are to address the current leadership style within the organization compared it with the rest of the industry and to conclude if there is any need for improvement in leadership practices. ThroughRead M oreCharacteristics Of A Great Leader1379 Words   |  6 Pagesnamed as being born great. One of the most important qualities of leaders in the 21st century is to be flexible to new situations. Whether it be a new technology arising or an old practice not being as effective, a great leader needs to be able to identify inefficiency and correct it. Being able to abandon old practices is vital as with the information age new processes are developed daily. Doing what is familiar and comfortable ends up being inefficient usually. Being uncomfortable is something thatRead MoreAt The Beginning Of This Class, Leadership Was Something1393 Words   |  6 Pagesthis class, leadership was something I hoped to enhance throughout the duration of this course and in the next few years. Through the course, I have learned more about myself and the type of leader I am through the relational leadership model. Learning about the strengths I have as an individual, the leadership skills and styles, working with other people through communication and listening. I have learned relevant concepts that served as the foundation to leadership philosophy. Leadership has a lot

Cch Comprehensive Topics Chapter 10 Free Essays

Cch ComprehensiChapter 10: Questions #1-20 1. Distinguish between realized gains and losses and recognized gains and losses. Realized gain or loss is the difference between the amount realized from the sale or other disposition of property and the adjusted basis at the time of sale or disposition. We will write a custom essay sample on Cch Comprehensive Topics Chapter 10 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The amount realized is the sum of money received plus the fair market value of other property received. If a realized gain or loss is recognized the gain is includible and the loss is deductible in determining taxable income. Thus, â€Å"recognition† means that the result of a particular transaction is considered to be taxable income or a deductible loss. Generally, recognition occurs at the time of sale or exchange. Therefore, realized gain or loss is the amount the owner incurred from ownership of the property, whereas recognized game is the taxable portion of the realized gain or loss. 2. How is the adjusted basis of property determined? Original Basis + Capital Expenditures – Capital Returns= Adjusted Basis 3. List 3 capital additions or expenditures and 3 capital returns or recoveries and discuss the treatment of each category for tax purposes. Capital expenditures include improvements, betterments, acquisition costs, purchase commissions and legal costs for defending title. Capital returns include depreciation, depletion, amortization, tax-free dividends, deductible casualty losses, and insurance reimbursements. For tax purposes, capital expenditures cannot be deducted in the year in which they are paid or incurred and must be capitalized. The general rule is that if the property acquired has a useful life longer than the taxable year, the cost must be capitalized. The capital expenditure costs are then amortized or depreciated over the life of the asset in question. Capital expenditures create or add basis to the asset or property, which once adjusted, will determine tax liability in the event of sale or transfer. Capital Returns, on the other hand, proper adjustment shall be made to the extent of the amount allowed as deductions in computing taxable income under Code Section 1016 and to the extent that the amount results (because of allowed deductions) in a reduction in any taxable year of the taxpayer’s taxes. . Why is allocation of basis necessary? Allocation is necessary because some of the property may be depreciable and other property not depreciable. Different treatment may be necessary for the assets. It may also be that only some of the assets purchased are sold. 5. Are gains or losses from the sale or exchange of personal use assets recognized for tax purposes? The sale of a personal-use asset results in gain recognition but n ot loss recognition. 6. When is FMV of an asset used as the basis of an asset? If property is acquired in a taxable exchange, the basis of the property is generally its fair market value at the time of exchange. Also, if the price paid is a bargain purchase, then the basis of the property is its fair market value. 7. What’s the basis and holding period for nontaxable stock dividends? For nontaxable stock dividends, the basis of the original stock is allocated to the old and new shares. The holding period begins on the date of the original acquisition. 8. What’s the basis and holding period for taxable stock dividends? In the case of taxable stock dividends, the amount of income is the stock’s fair market value at the date of distribution. The basis of the new stock is its fair market value at the time of the receipt of the stock dividend and the basis of the old stock remains the same. The holding period of the new stock begins on the date of receipt of the stock dividend. 9. What is the basis and holding period for nontaxable stock rights? If nontaxable stock rights are received, whether or not any part of the basis of the stock is allocated to the rights depends on the FMV of the rights compared with the FMV of the stock. If FMV is less than 15% of the FMV of old stock at the time, basis of such rights is zero unless taxpayer elects to allocate. If value is 15% or more, basis must be allocated to the rights but only if rights are exercised or sold. The holding period runs from the date the original stock was acquired. 10. What’s the basis and holding period of taxable stock rights and the basis and holding period of the shares of stock if the rights are exercised? Amount of income and the basis of the rights constitute the FMV of the rights at the date of distribution, which is the date the holding period of the rights begin. If rights are exercised, basis of new shares = subscription price + basis of rights and holding period of new shares begins on date of exercise. Basis and holding period of old stock remain the same. 11. What’s the basis of gift property? A taxpayer’s original basis for gift property is the same as the property’s adjusted basis in the hands of the donor or the last preceding owner by whom it was not acquired by gift. However, if the property’s FMV at time of gift is less than adjusted basis to the donor, then basis for determining loss is the FMV at the time of the gift. CODE SECTION 1015 12. What adjustment, if any, must be made to the basis of property acquired by gift if gift was made prior to 1977? After 1976? For gifts made after 1976, basis is increased by the portion of gift that attributable to the net appreciation value of the gift. For gifts made before 1977, the full amount of gift tax is added to donor’s adjusted basis, but the basis may not be increased above the fair market value at the date of the gift. 13. What’s the basis of an asset acquired from a decedent? General rule is that the basis of property acquired from a decedent is the FMV of the property at the date of the decedent’s death. Commonly known as a â€Å"step-up† in basis. 14. What’s the alternative valuation of assets acquired from a decedent? If the executor elects for estate tax purposes to value the decedent’s gross estate as of 6 months after death, the property is the FMV at that time. If property is distributed before the alternate valuation date, basis = FMB at the date of distribution or other disposition. The alternate valuation may be used only where the election will reduce both the value of the decedent’s gross estate and the federal estate tax liability. 15. Distinguish the holding period of assets acquired by gift w/ that of assets acquired from a decedent. The holding period of gift property begins with the date the property was acquired by the donor. If, however, the FMV of the property at the date of gift was less than the donor’s adjusted basis and the property is sold at a loss, the holding period begins on the date of the gift. The holding period of property acquired from a decedent is long-term. 6. How is the basis computed when a sale of shares of stock occurs? When a seller can identify the shares of stock sold or transferred, the basis is the basis of the stock so identified. Shares of stock are adequately identified if it can be shown that shares, which were delivered to the buyer, were from a lot acquired on a certain date or for a certain price. 17. Whe n is the sale or exchange of stock or securities considered a wash sale? How is any loss treated? Wash sales occur when substantially identical stock is bought within 30 days before or after the sale. No deduction for losses is allowed on the sale of stock or securities if, within a period beginning 30 days before the date of sale and ending 30 days after the date of sale, substantially identical stock are acquired. CODE SEC. 109 18. What’s the basis of a personal use asset that’s converted to business or income-producing use? When property purchased for personal use is converted to business or income-producing use, the basis for determining loss is the lessor of the FMV of the property at the time of conversion or the adjusted basis for loss at the time of the conversion. The basis for gain is the adjusted basis on the date of conversion. The basis for determining depreciation is the basis for determining loss. 19. What are the special rules for gains or losses on sales to related parties? No loss deduction is allowed on sales or exchanges of property, directly or indirectly, between related parties. Any losses disallowed, however, may be used to offset the gain realized by the related purchaser on a later sale of the property. Code Sec. 267 20. What are the benefits of installment reporting? The installment method allows gain to be spread over more than one year. How to cite Cch Comprehensive Topics Chapter 10, Papers

Thomas Harris Essay Example For Students

Thomas Harris Essay Thomas Harris is a man with many tallents, an a keen intrest in writing. Heearned a major in English, he has written for many newspapers and is most knownfor his second book which became a major motion picture earning 5 Academy Awardsfor Best Picture , Best Actress, Best Actor, Best Director and Best AdaptedScreen Play, Silence of the Lambs. Harris was born in Jackson Tennessee in 1940He loved to read, he moved to Rich Mississippi at a young age so his fathercould persue a farming carrer. He got married but was divorced in the 1960s,by then he had one child. A daughter byt he name of Anne. At this point Harrismoved to New York to became a writer for the Harold Tribune as a policereporter. He wrote minor articles for magazines. Though he found the police workto be boring it exposed him to the police enviironement which he uses in hisnovels. His first novel was wrote in 1975, it was about terrorists who use theGoodyear Blimp to try and bomb the Super Bowl. Harris and two other co-worke rscame up with the idea for the story but Harris took over and finished the novel. The novel became a succsesfull movie and a notional bestseller. Thomas devotedmost of his time now to writing, he writes with such detail that it took himuntill 1981 for him to release his next book. One of the reasons Harris booksdo so well is because of his attention to detail, he spends many yearsreaserching a subject before he writes a novel about it. His second book, RedDragon was the first book in a series of three phycological thrillers in whichyou are taken in to the mind of a killer known as Hannibal theCannibal Lecter. The next book is by far his most famous and is titledSilence of the Lambs. This novel is about an FBI agent trying tofind a killer by the name of Buffalo Bill, she needs to crack open the mind ofHannibal Lecter in order to find him. His third book Hannibal,is about the huntfor the long time escaped killer Hannibal the Cannible Lecter. Harris now resided in many of his homes located in Rich Mississippi, Long IslandNY, and Miami Flordia.

Venezula Essays - Socialist International, Rmulo Betancourt

Venezula Venezuela The history of Venezuela has been a long and often turbulent one. It is filled with exploration, religion, and shifts of government. But, the movement from dictatorship to democracy is the most significant. The move from dictatorship to democracy is the most significant point in Venezuela's history because of the people's extreme opposition of the dictators, the time period when the first election of a democratic president, and the election of Romulo Betancourt. If the people of a country are opposed to the government, it will not be successful. A main reason why dictatorship didn't work was because of the people's hate of the form of government and the dictators that run it. Between 1908 and 1935, General Juan Gomez ruled by repression and terror. The government had been a dictatorship since the 19th century (?Gomez died in 1935. Venezuelans danced in the streets when they heard of his death.? Johan Kohen Winter, 24). Nineteen thirty-six through 1948 marked the first time the country of Venezuela was ruled democratically. These years were times of political unrest. Then from 1950 to 1958 another dictator, General Marcos Perez Jimenez, came into power. His term is remembered by corruption and brutal suppression of the opposition as well as taking a step back in the progress toward democracy. This is great because it marked the first time that the people began to organize to oppose and try to change the government (?For the first time, between the 1930's and 50's the people began to organize themselves into unions and political parties, uniting in opposition to Jimenez.? Marion Morrison, 48). The election of Romulo Betancourt was the most important move toward democracy. This set the stage for democratic presidents as well as the countries' first major political party, Accion Democratica. This party, along with the Christian Democratic party, are the only political parties that have ever had candidates elected. Despite a coup in government (military takeover) in 1948, the Accion Democratica had one of its candidates in office for the next ten years (?This was a significant point in Venezuelan history. For the first time, a political party-Accion Democratica-was in government, together with a group of military officers and backed by the support of the Venezuelan people.? Morrison, 48). The history of Venezuela has been long and hard. Through it all, though, democracy came through. When a government has the backing of the people, it works and is successful. This is just another instance of the tried-and-true government idea of democracy. American History Essays

A Short Summary of the Persian Wars

A Short Summary of the Persian Wars The term Greco-Persian Wars is thought to be less biased against the Persians than the more common name Persian Wars, but most of our information about the wars comes from the winners, the Greek side. Greek historian Peter Green characterizes it as a David and Goliath struggle with David holding out for political and intellectual liberty against the monolithic theocratic Persian war machine. It wasnt just Greeks against Persians, nor were all the Greeks on the Greek side. Conflict began before the usual start date of the Persian Wars; however, for practical purposes, the term Greco-Persian Wars covers the invasions of Greece by two Achaemenid Persian kings from about 492 B.C. to 449/448 B.C. Earlier than the (mostly failed) attempts by the Persian kings Darius and Xerxes to control Greece, Persian King Cambyses had extended the Persian Empire around the Mediterranean coast by absorbing Greek colonies. Some Greek poleis (Thessaly, Boeotia, Thebes, and Macedonia) joined Persia, as did other non-Greeks, including Phoenicia and Egypt, but many Greek poleis, under the leadership of Sparta, especially on land, and under the dominance of Athens, at sea, opposed the Persian forces. Before their invasion of Greece, Persians had been facing revolts within their own territory. During the Persian Wars, revolts within Persian territories continued. When Egypt revolted, the Greeks helped them. Summary Locations:  Various. Especially Greece, Thrace, Macedonia,  Asia MinorDates:  c. 492-449/8 B.C.Winner:  GreeceLoser:  Persia (under kings  Darius  and  Xerxes) When Were the Greco-Persian Wars? The Persian Wars are usually dated 492-449/448 B.C. However, conflict started between the Greek poleis in Ionia and the Persian Empire before 499 B.C. There were two mainland invasions of Greece, in 490 (under King Darius) and 480-479 B.C. (under King Xerxes). The Persian Wars ended with the Peace of Callias of 449, but by this time, and as a result of actions taken in Persian War battles, Athens had developed her own empire. Conflict mounted between the Athenians and the allies of Sparta. This conflict would lead to the Peloponnesian War during which the Persians opened their deep pockets to the Spartans. Medize Thucydides (3.61-67) says the Plataeans were the only Boeotians  who did not Medize. To Medize was to submit to the Persian king as overlord. The Greeks referred to the Persian forces collectively as Medes, not distinguishing Medes from Persians. Likewise, we today dont distinguish among the Greeks (Hellenes), but the Hellenes were not a united force before the Persian invasions. Individual poleis could make their own political decisions. Panhellenism (united Greeks) became important during the Persian Wars. Next, when the barbarian invaded Hellas, they say that they were the only Boeotians who did not Medize; and this is where they most glorify themselves and abuse us. We say that if they did not Medize, it was because the Athenians did not do so either; just as afterwards when the Athenians attacked the Hellenes they, the Plataeans, were again the only Boeotians who Atticized. ~Thucydides Individual Battles During the Persian Wars 1st NaxosSardisEphesusLade2nd NaxosEretriaMarathonThermopylaeArtemisiumSalamisPotideaOlynthusPlataeaMycaleSestusByzantiumEionDoriskosEurymedonProsopitisSalamis and Cyprus End of the War The final battle of the war had led to the death of the Athenian leader Cimon and the defeat of the Persian forces in the area, but it didnt give decisive power in the Aegean to one side or the other. The Persians and Athenians were both tired and after Persian overtures, Pericles sent Callias to the Persian capital of Susa for negotiations. According to Diodorus, the terms gave the Greek poleis in Ionia their autonomy and the Athenians agreed not to campaign against the Persian king. The treaty is known as the Peace of Callias. Historical Sources Herodotus is the principal source on the Persian Wars, from Croesus of Lydias conquest of the Ionian poleis to the fall off Sestus (479 B.C.).Thucydides provides some of the later material. There are also later historical writers, including Ephorus in the 4th century B.C., whose work is lost except for fragments, but was used byDiodorus Siculus, in the 1st century A.D. Supplementing these are Justin (under Augustus) in his Epitome of Pompeius Trogus,Plutarch (2nd century A.D.) Biographies andPausanias (2nd century A.D.) Geography. In addition to historical sources, there is Aeschylus play The Persians. Key Figures Greek MiltiadesThemistoclesEurybiadesLeonidasPausaniasCimonPericles Persian Darius IMardoniusDatisArtaphernesXerxesArtabazusMegabyzus There were later battles between Romans and Persians, and even another war that might be thought of as Greco-Persian, the Byzantine-Sassanid War, in the 6th and early 7th century A.D.

Analysis Of The Indian Jewellery Industry

Analysis Of The Indian Jewellery Industry Role in Indian Economy The Gems and Jewellery (G it is also the processes 90% of the diamonds by pieces (55 percent by value of the global market) – largest consumer. The Gems and Jewellery Export Promotion Council (GJEPC) is responsible for sustaining the new initiatives in the sector(Public enterprise). The industry holds prominent significance as it is a net exporter and provides employment to 1.3 million people directly and indirectly. India is also emerging as the world’s largest trading centre for gold targeting US$ 16 billion by 2010. GJ market contributes 16 per cent of total exports, making it a significant foreign exchange earner for the country. Growth Potential Jewellery Retail Sourcing from the skill to the ability to innovate and develop. Currently, India’s G&J industry is highly unorganized and fragmented with 96 percent of the total players being family owned businesses. The gold processing industry has around 15,000 players, with only 80 having revenues over USD 5 million. India is also home to around 450,000 goldsmiths, 100,000 gold jewelers along with 6,000 diamond processing players and 8,000 diamond jewelers. Consumers have started shifting towards branded jewelery, which offers higher quality and saves the consumers from unfair trade practices in the industry. The emergence of jewelry retail chains provide customers with convenience and assurance of quality. The organized gems and jewellery sector is expected to progress with a good pace in near future, and should hopefully account for nearly 8% of the total gems and jewellery market by 2009-10. The Branded jewellery segment is also expected to have a high growth rate. The key drivers for the industry growth are raising disposable income, conscious marketing efforts, rising young population with urge to spend and jewellery being increasingly regarded as fashion accessory. The entry of foreign players is also likely to increase competition and provide consumers with g reater choice. As Indian gem and jewelry exports have grown to $17 billion, the industry has witnessed an annual average growth rate of about 15-20 percent. EXPORTS The gems and jewellery industry provides a shining example of achieving international competitiveness. The bulk of the Indian GJ exports comprises import of rough diamonds, their cutting and polishing in India, and re-export. CPDs(Cut-Polished-Diamonds) accounted for 71.1% of India’s GJ exports during FY2006, followed by gold jewellery (23.2%), rough diamonds (3.4%), coloured gemstones (1.4%), and non-gold jewellery (0.9%). Thus, these two items-CPDs and gold jewellery- accountrd for around 96% of India’s GJ exports.

Finding Home in Food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Finding Home in Food - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that since his teenage years, Western food has been a source of great attraction and enjoyment to the author. Fast food like burger and pizza had become his favorite since his teenage days. Eating pizza was one of the most pleasurable activities in his young days. The researcher has remembered going to a pizza joint near his school every weekend. Although it was not considered good by his family to have fast food, he used to love it. The author was discouraged from going to these joints. However, he used to manage going there with his friends on weekends. The researcher’s memories are filled with the fun and enjoyment that he has had while going to the fast food joints. He loved the cheese, different toppings and the starters that were all made in a Western way. Going to pizza joints made him feel that he was ‘modern’ in his outlook. For the author, eating fast food was like being a part of the ‘developed’ w orld. He used to look forward to going to pizza joints and enjoy the pizzas. So when the researcher got a chance to travel to the United States, he thought that he was going to have the greatest time in his life. The author knew that it is the country where burgers and pizzas are found in great varieties and sizes. Moreover, there was no one to stop him from having it. So he thought that his time in the USA will be filled with great entertainment and fun. The author thought that he will not miss his home much. However, his journey to the United States proved his thinking completely wrong.... I had thought that fast food is one thing that I cannot live without. Soon I realized that I was wrong. By the fifth day, I started remembering home food. My mind started dwelling on home made food and beverages. On that day, I told my friends that I will order the pizza. I took the number for nearby pizza joint and called them. I went outside my room to avoid my friends from listening to me. When I became sure that no one was listening, I asked the guy on the other end, â€Å"Do you have pizzas with Asian toppings?† The customer care guy gave a long â€Å"mmmmmmm† and said â€Å"No sir, we don’t.† I was quite disappointed and ordered the usual pizza. By this time, i.e. in just five to six days from the time I arrived, I had lost my enthusiasm towards fast food. I was craving for spices and variety in food. Even then I thought that maybe I am feeling home sick and hence, missing the food. I thought that if I have just one dish of Asian food, I will go back to the fast food with the same enthusiasm. However, my heart was saying something else. Fortunately, the confusion between the mind and the heart was cleared very soon. The next day, one of my distant relatives came to visit me. She brought a big Tiffin box full of Biryani, an Asian dish made of rice, chicken and spices, for me and my friends. She said she thought that home made food will make me feel at home. I said it is nothing like that, and that I am quite used to the Western food. My friends coughed to hide their laughter. After all, there was no strength in my statement. They had realized that I was craving for home made food now. However, as I did not want to lose the challenge, I tried my best to hide the truth.

Health Care Reform Reaction Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health Care Reform Reaction - Term Paper Example Language barrier also influences delivery of health care as the inability to comprehend instructions from health care providers diminishes people’s abilities to receive preventative and curative care. Ethnic and personal beliefs also influence the delivery of health care as some people prefer home rem dies to hospital medication. Geographical factors also influence access to health care as people in rural areas encounter barriers such as poor transportation, which impede access to hospitals. Conversely, nursing practice is influenced by factors such as nurses’ work environment and advancement opportunities and legislation (Ellerbe & Regen, 2012). This paper will examine such legislation, discussing its impact on nursing practice. Health Care Reform In 2010, President Obama ratified the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA). The purpose of the federal statute is to provide a regulatory overhaul of America’s health care system by enhancing access to he alth care by increasing the quality and affordability of health coverage, thereby reducing the price of health care for Americans (Ellerbe & Regen, 2012). ... These gaps are the primary deterrents to the effective delivery of health care for all in the US. With regard to access to care provision, the Act eliminates discrimination practices that hamper access to health coverage (Ridge, 2011). The Act also enhances funding for care delivery programs and locations, including nurse-managed health clinics. On the quality of care, the Act requires all care givers to ensure that their care is effective, patient-centered, safe, equitable, efficient and timely. Consequently, the Act promotes support systems aimed at the improvement of care and the work environment, for instance, by creating opportunities for enhanced nursing leadership and research (Ellerbe & Regen, 2012). The Act builds on the provisions of the Public Health Service Act, which offers federal backing for nursing development and education. On the other hand, with regard to cost of care, the Act provides for consumer protections to ensure basic health coverage to all Americans and le gal residents. Educational and Practice Consideration for Nursing The discipline of nursing must address various practice and educational consideration to keep up with the demands of the Affordable Care Act. Firstly, nursing practice should be to the full extent of training and education. This is because the core of PPACA is the provision of quality care by care givers who have sufficient training and education to meet health care service demands. In addition, it is essential for all nurses to attain higher educational levels and intense training through an enhanced educational system, which advocates flawless academic development. This means nursing professionals should enter programs such as bridge

Highly effective people Essay Example for Free

Highly effective people Essay In most of the management literature materials and sources that focus on success, emphasis is made on how solutions can be achieved for a given set of problems. In such situations, the solution suggestions for such problems may turn out to be effective for that given period of time, though in the future they may not be relevant to problems which may arise. In most occasions, success of an individual has been attributed to the persons personality as well as skills and techniques amongst other many aspects like positive attitude. In reality success in a person is attributed to the personality as well as the character ethics. Thus, the assessment of the habits displayed by individuals who can be termed as highly effective in the society is considered to be an inside out approach, whereby change in a person has to begin from within then it transforms to the outside. Effective people Individuals characters are said to be a collection of a number of habits, and in that respect habits tend to have a strong impact in various aspects of our lives. In reality habits are made up of knowledge, desire as well as skills. Knowledge is that capability that a person has that enables him or her determine what to do, as for skills it is the ability to determine how to do something, and finally desire is the force from within that drives a person to do something. In considering the seven habits that are displayed in highly effective people, the following three stages can be assessed; dependence a time at which a person relies on others for survival, independence a time in life a person is able to make his or her own personal decisions as well as take charge of his or her life (Covey, 1990). Finally there is a stage of interdependence, whereby an individual will try to coordinate with others to achieve things in life that he or she cannot achieve independently. In most of the research materials on success, independence tends to take a top position but in the actual sense human beings are interdependent persons, and success in life can only be derived from interdependence. It is thus a stage that has to flow from dependence to independence, and finally interdependence (Covey, 1990). The seven habits Effective people are said to be proactive, whereby such persons are said to be aware of themselves, and can be able to make a choice on how they can respond to different forms of stimuli in the environment. Proactive as a habit is a unique element in a person that creates a difference between persons. Even though conditioning can have an influence on a persons life, in the actual sense individuals cannot be determined by conditioning (Covey, 1990). Some of the theories that have been presented to explain the concept of proactivity include genetic and environmental as well as physic determinism. In genetic physic, it is discussed that a persons nature is determined by the nature of DNA, and in that respect a persons personality traits are acquired from his or her grandparents. As for the physic determinism, it is discussed that the way in which a person has been brought up will influence the habits. In addition to that, the painful childhood experiences have an influence on the persons adult life. Finally, environmental determinism demonstrates that the current environmental factors have an influence on a persons behaviors (Covey, 1990). Proactivity in individuals can thus be described as that ability of individuals to carry out their activities while driven by the value proposition, which is said to be independent of the general environmental forces. Effective people in most occasions use the difficult life encounters to establish their character as well as develop their potential to deal with such difficulties in the future if they occur. In that way, such persons are able utilize their resourcefulness and ability to devise possible solutions, other than relying on other people to solve their personal problems. Therefore effective persons are those that are able to make life decisions, which have the potential of improving their personal lives. In such situations, decisions are made on the things that influence their person lives other than just acting to the general environmental forces (Covey, 1990). The second habit that highly effective people will tend to display is that the start with the end in mind. In such situations, such kind of effective people are able to establish their personal principles in terms of a mission statement, and then the mission statement is carried forward to the persons long term goals which will always be founded on the persons principles (Covey, 1990). The habit of first things first is displayed in highly effective people, whereby an individual takes valuable time carrying out activities that go in line with his or her personal mission. Effective people thus manage to make an appropriate balance between the production activities, as well as in establishing the production capacity. In order to create that balance in their lives, effective people will determine the key roles that they carry out in life, and then allocate appropriate time for each of those roles (Covey, 1990). Effective people think win, whereby they seek to do things like agreements as well as relationships in life will be mutually beneficial to their lives. In circumstances where such people are able to establish that win cannot be attained by taking a certain deal, they will accept such a situation and then establish alternative ways in which they can be able to attain success. In cases of effective leaders in an organization, they are able to establish a culture in the organization which will be focused at giving positive rewards to employee who manages to attain positive results, and negative rewards to those that fail to attain the required performance results. In doing so the leaders demonstrates that they value winning situations as compared to the failures (Covey, 1990). Effective persons will always seek to understand other people first before they make the other people surrounding them understand them. This is considered to be crucial aspect in effective people that will be a base for establishing effective interpersonal relations. The ability of a person to listen to others involves the person assuming the place of the other in either his or her feeling as well as meaning. In that way the person will be able to comprehend the actual situation of that person, as it is easy for a person to handle a situation that he or she has an idea of other that situations that carry no influence on the person (Covey, 1990). Effective persons always synergize, whereby they will always establish a kind of trustful communication which will enable the person to devise ways in which they will leverage the differences that exist between him or her and the others in the society. This is done with an intention of establishing a whole which will be of great benefit as compared to additions of the different contributions of the parts. In establishing such kind of mutual trust as well as understanding, a person will be able to solve problem situations, and come up with appropriate solutions for the conflicts which arise in the process of the relationships with others, as compared to when the person would have taken his or her own personal initiative to deal with the situation (Covey, 1990). Finally, effective people are able to sharpen the saw. This implies that such kind of persons are able to take time out from their busy schedules in production so as to build on their production capability in terms of personal renewal of their physical, spiritual and emotional as well as mental dimensions among other human dimensions like the social aspect. In doing so, effective persons will at all times seek to create a balance in the different human dimensions, given that they recognize the importance of coordination of all those dimensions in the success of a persons life. This is because they recognize the fact that effectiveness is achieved from the production practices, which are coupled up with the capacity to produce (Covey, 1990). Conclusion From the above analysis of the seven habits, that highly effective people tend to display, it can be concluded that effectiveness in a person is a reality which can be realized as long as that person is able to control his or her personality, as well as the characters which are influenced by the environment. High effectiveness can only be achieved when the persons personality and characters are based on ethical principles, which will enable that individual to derive value in their lives. For other persons to be able to achieve high levels effectiveness in the day to day operations, this research paper will be more effective as it clearly illustrates what the effective people do an given that the paper has illustrated the habits in a more clear way it is easy for the determined people to use these habits as a criteria that will guide their action. Word count 1440 References Covey, S, (1990). The 7 habits of highly effective people. Free Press publishers.

The Functions of Managers Essay -- Business Management Studies

The Functions of Managers Good management and leadership are critical for organisations to function and also for the organisations to thrive. When organisations are well managed just like Barclay, they can operate effectively and they can operate efficiently. Managers have very good and clear plans, mangers have organised structures, systems, and they also evaluate results. When organisations are well led, they adapt to changes in the environment and develop cultures that inspire commitment and innovation. Both good management and good leadership are necessary to sustain organisational performance. Mangers are responsible for getting work done usually through other people; the term manger may also refer to a number of different people within a business. Some job titles include the word manager, such as a personal manger or managing director. Other jobholders may also be mangers even through there titles do not say it. - Mangers act on behalf of the owners – in a company, senior management are accountable shareholders - Mangers set objectives for the organisation, for example, they may decide that a long-term objective is to have a greater market share than all of the company’s competitors. - Managers make sure that a business achieves its objectives, by managing others. - Managers ensure that cooperate values which means the value of the organisation are maintained in dealings with other business, customers, employees and general public. When an organisation is managed well mangers effectively perform four essential management functions Henry Fayol the French management theorist listed a number of functions or elements of management these are: - Planning - Organising - Commanding - Coordinating - Controlling Planning This involves mangers setting objectives and also the strategies, policies, programmes and procedures for achieving them. Planning might be done by line mangers who will be responsible for performance. However advice on planning may also come from staff management who might have expertise in that are even if they have no line authority. For example, a production may carry out human recourse planning in the production department, but use the skills of the personal manager in planning recruitment for vacancies that may arise. In general, planning involves defining organis... ... a range of departments for example the finance department they will monitor there budget and performance. The process by which person group or organisation consciously monitors performance and takes corrective action this is called controlling, another example would be that Barclays finance department will be controlling and monitoring customers transactions, etc, etc and they will keep a history and they will keep a record file of that customer. Management control system sends signal to managers that things are not working out as planned and that corrective action is needed. - Barclays bank monitor and measure what is being archived in each of their department. - Barclays control, monitor there sales performance. - Barclays control and monitor their cash flow against their budget. Leading After management has made plans, created a structure of work practice, and hired the right personal, someone must lead the organisation, leading involves communicating with and motivating others to perform the tasks necessary to achieve the organisations goals. Leading is not done only after planning and organising end, it is a crucial element of these functions.

McNeill, P (1990) Research Methods, Routledge, and Bryman, A (2001) Social Research Methods, Oxford – Reviewed

Social inquiry is the act of ‘inquiring' into human society. The method of ‘inquiring' varies. The factors which are taken in to account of which method to adopt to ‘inquire' can be influenced by a number of factors. A certain type of inquiry could be used due to the inquirer's past experiences of a certain method, his/hers preferences, cost, availability of sources are to name but a few. I intend to examine Social Research Methods written by Alan Bryman and Research Methods written by Patrick McNeill. Both refer to the various methods available to one in order to inquire about human society. The two books are similar in that they both put forward ideas and theories related to the selected methods they want to discuss. McNeill's book is broken down into six short chapters, which has an informative introductory chapter into why we have research methods in sociology. At the beginning he provides the reader with a brief history of social research which is helpful as it explains why the ‘inquiry' stage is very important. The 1960's began to saw changes in sociology which was to â€Å"encourage survey style of social research and move towards participant observation.† There is a clear, logical progression through the chapters. They begin at a basic level and then slowly build upon points. Therefore, it caters for anyone new to the subject who can follow it through with little difficulty. For example, in chapter one, it is rudimentary for McNeill's to ask in the first sentence, â€Å"What is Sociology?† This illustrates that McNeill has written the book, trying to accommodate for individuals without the presumption that the reader has prior knowledge of the subject of sociology. The book is laid out so that it has a number of sub-headings which breaks down the text making it easier to read and allow time for the reader to ‘digest' the information. This is a good quality because it makes sure the reader is feeling they are understanding what is being written and also feeling comfortable and confident enough to carry on. It is liked that McNeill has made reading the book interactive by giving the reader a number of ‘activities' to complete at the end of each chapter. This is a very good idea as it consolidates what the reader has read so far. McNeill states that there are three important concepts that are used throughout the book: reliability, validity and representativeness. This allows the reader to remain focused as McNeill has pointed out what is essential. The book discusses a range of processes including Ethnography also known as Participant Observation in chapter four. The use of examples such Taylor (1984) and his infamous a covert study of the London Underworld makes what the author say believable. Too much fiction can make readers reject the book. The book is organised so that any difficult or complex topics/issues featured are provided with relevant â€Å"Furthering reading†. For example, â€Å"The next best thing is to read about a community study. I recommend Stacey's books (1960 and 1975), and those by Grans (1962 and 1967). The latter have more humour.† This allows the reader to further their knowledge. This is what differentiates this book from other books. This type of book is helpful to students in circumstances where they need to do research. McNeill uses diagrams to explain key points which are vital to aid the readers understanding. For example, Fig 7, explains the relationship between choice of topic and the research method. McNeill goes into further detail by breaking down the stages of research. This is helpful to anybody i.e. students studying sociology. ‘A' Level sociology students even to members if the public who want to learn about social research. McNeill uses a number of references to support the various pros and cons for each research method. For example, McNeill questions â€Å"How can sociologists use official statistics?† McNeill states that â€Å"†¦sociologists take these statistics at their face value and use them as ready-made source of data for their research. They are cheap, readily available, cover a long time-span, and are comprehensive in their coverage of social life. They maybe the only source of data on the topic in question.† He also provides a balanced and objective argument – â€Å"However, there are many problems. Since the statistics are collected for administrative rather than sociological purposes definitions and classifications made are often unsuitable†. This gives the reader a better appreciation for each method. McNeill helps the reader assess which method of inquiry is good. The aim of Brymans book is to bridge the gap between theory and methods in social research. He states that it is the â€Å"introduction to the study and implementation of social research methods.† When writing the book, Bryman had two readers in mind – (i) Undergraduates. The research methods, the use of British examples whenever possible and appropriate. (ii)-Undergraduates who are wanting to conduct research projects. Bryman wanted to write a book that would be â€Å"helping students make informal decisions about doing their research†. He would explore the uses and limitations in order to help with students any hesitations. We can appraise Bryman's structure of the book because it is clear, accessible style with an in-depth understanding of the subject. This is clearly demonstrated through the initial layout of the book as it has two parts; Part one: Issues and Part Two: Methods used in social research. The book is divided into four parts. The first part has two chapters introducing the natural science approach as an appropriate framework for the study of society. This would comprise social surveys, case studies and experimental research. These first two chapters would apply the building blocks for the rest of the book The second part has ten chapters based on quantitative research methods including sampling, design of questionnaire, structured observations. The third part has eight chapters with a strong overview of the nature of qualitative research, including ethnography/participant observation and the analysis of this method. Finally, the fourth part has five chapters which take the reader beyond quantitative and qualitative. The physical characteristics of the book are one of the concerns some readers have when deciding on choosing a book to read. McNeill's book is of ‘reasonable' size as it does not look overwhelming which would put off potential readers. In comparison, Bryman's book is literally twice as large and as heavy and because it is considerably larger, this may come across as a daunting read. I believe it is not designed for a reader who is new to the subject, although it doesn't expect students to have any prior knowledge of the subject. The written text is clear, using a standard type and font size twelve, making it easier on the eye. The language is claimed to be â€Å"well written, comprehensive and authoritative†. Contrary to this view, the language has been described to be severely convoluted. Throughout the book, it is laid out so that on each page, the text is broken into two columns. This gives the allusion that there is less to read. In contrast, Brymans book is very colourful using red, blue and green which grab the potential reader's attention. This is intelligently done as it makes the book look aesthetically pleasing and attractive. Though, it is believed the book is that multifaceted it requires ‘colour' to attract a reader to it! A weakness that proves to be a problem throughout the book is that Bryman reiterates and labours his points further than needed. For example, trying to explain Interpretivism in the main text. However, Bryman then reviews this in his ‘summary key points' in â€Å"Box 1.9 What is Interpretivism†. This is too much for students because it is time consuming. In contrast, McNeill's book is more succinct. The book has a number of ‘Special Features', including Boxes, a Readers Guide which is a route map of what is to follow. Key Points mentioning any significant points to make a note of. Similarly, McNeill's book, there are revision questions which test the readers understanding and finally a glossary which has the definitions of central terms. The abbreviations page was very supportive because it enabled the reader to familiarise themselves with the subject matter. At the beginning of each chapter there is a contents of page, thus making it very easy to refer to. The books adhere to all the commonalities of a ‘normal' book. Bryman strongly advocates the use of example; â€Å"examples, examples, examples†. Though it can be argued that this goes onto much more detail than is required. Hence, the reader begins to lose focus on the content. Bryman clearly states the advantages and disadvantages of research methods. For example, â€Å"Open Questions†, the advantages mean â€Å"respondents can answer in their own terms. They are not forced to answer in the same terms as those foisted on them by the closed answers†. However, the drawbacks mean â€Å"they are time consuming for interviewers to administer. Interviewees are likely to talk for longer than is usually the case with a comparable closed question† Brymans book would be useful for someone who is seriously interested in obtaining a full and detailed analysis of methods. This is excellent if you like illustrative books. Bryman is targeting the type of reader which enjoys detail. A positive point about the book is that it has questions at the end of chapters allowing the reader to engage in empirical work. I don't like Brymans book because it is focused for 2nd year and 3rd year students and even for them it is sometimes hard to grasp what the author is trying to say. In contrast, McNeill's book is very helpful because you are able to find something out, quite quickly and also understand it with little difficulty. I believe that both books are very helpful and do fill a gap in the literature. Overall, I found both books to be very helpful as they successfully enabled students to learn how to do social inquiry. They outline the advantages and disadvantages to various methods. Although this is a good point but sometimes this can overwhelm the reader. On the other hand, a reader should be well informed. Though, each book is tailored to the potential readers as discussed earlier.

Sop for Msc in Electrical Engineering

e idea of the first cellular network was brainstormed in 1947. It was intended to be used for military purposes as a way of supplying troops with more advanced forms of communications. From 1947 till about 1979 several different forms of broadcasting technology emerged. The United States began to develop the AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) network, while European countries were developing their own forms of communication. 1. 2 History of GSM Technology Europeans quickly realized the disadvantages of each European country operating on their mobile network. It prevents cell phone use from country to country within Europe.With the emerging European Union and high travel volume between countries in Europe this was seen as a problem. Rectifying the situation the Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs (CEPT) assembled a research group with intentions of researching the mobile phone system in Europe. This group was called Group Special Mobile (GSM). For the next ten years the GSM group outlined standards, researched technology and designed a way to implement a pan-European mobile phone network. In 1989 work done by the GSM group was transferred to the European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI).The name GSM was transposed to name the type of service invented. The acronym GSM had been changed from Group Special Mobile to Global Systems Mobile Telecommunications. By April of 1991 commercial service of the GSM network had begun. Just a year and half later in 1993 there were already 36 GSM networks in over 22 countries. Several other countries were on the rise to adopt this new mobile phone network and participate in what was becoming a worldwide standard. At the same time, GSM also became widely used in the Middle East, South Africa and Australia.While the European Union had developed a sophisticated digital cell phone system, the United States was still operating primarily on the old, analog AMPS network and TDMA. Department of E&C 2010 Lovely Instit ute of Technology, Phagwara 2 RF OPTIMIZATION AND PLANNING In the end o the end of October 2001, Cingular was the first to announce their switch to the 3G GSM network. This involved switching more then 22 million customers from TDMA to GSM. In 2005 Cingular stopped new phone activation on the TDMA network and began only selling GSM service. 1. History of GSM in brief †¢1982:CEPT (Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications) establishes a GSM group in order to develop the standards for pan-European cellular mobile system †¢1988:Validation of the GSM System. †¢1991:Commercial launch of the GSM service. †¢1992:Enlargement of the countries that signed the GSM-MoU> Coverage of larger cities/airports. †¢1993:Coverage of main roads GSM services start outside Europe. †¢1995:Phase 2 of the GSM specifications Coverage of rural areas. 1. 4 GSM Frequency Band There are five major GSM frequencies that have become standard worldwide. They are following  ¦GS M-1800  ¦GSM850 GSM-1900  ¦GSM-400 1. 4. 1 GSM-900 and GSM-1800 GSM-900 and GSM-1800 are standards used mostly worldwide. It is the frequency European phones operate on as well as most of Asia and Australia. 1. 4. 2 GSM-850 and GSM-1900 GSM-850 and GSM-1900 are primarily United States frequencies. They are also the standard for Canada GSM service and countries in Latin and South America. Most of the Cingular network operates on GSM 850, while much of T-Mobile operates at GSM-1900. T-Mobile however, has roaming agreements with Cingular. Meaning in the case of no service at GSM-1900, the phone will switch to GSM-850 and operate on Cingular’s network. . 4. 3 GSM-400 GSM-400 is the least popular of the bunch and is rarely used. It is an older frequency that was used in Russia and Europe before GSM-900 and GSM-1800 became available. There are not many networks currently operating at this frequency. .5 GSM Services . The GSM services are grouped into three categories: 1. Telese rvices (TS) 2. Bearer services (BS) 3. Supplementary services (SS) 1. 5. 1 Teleservices Regular telephony, emergency calls, and voice messaging are within Teleservices. Telephony, the old bidirectional speech calls, is certainly the most popular of all services.An emergency call is a feature that allows the mobile subscriber to contact a nearby emergency service, such as police, by dialing a unique number. Voice messaging permits a message to be stored within the voice mailbox of the called party either because the called party is not reachable or because the calling party chooses to do so. 1. 5. 2 Bearer Services Data services, short message service (SMS), cell broadcast, and local features are within BS. Rates up to 9. 6 kbit/s are supported. With a suitable data terminal or computer connected directly to the mobile apparatus, data may be sent through circuit-switched or packet-switched networks.Short messages containing as many as 160 alphanumeric characters can be transmitted to or from a mobile phone. In this case, a message center is necessary. The broadcast mode (to all subscribers) in a given geographic area may also be used for short messages of up to 93 alphanumeric characters. Some local features of the mobile terminal may be used. These may include, for example, abbreviated dialing, edition of short messages, repetition of failed calls, and others. .5. 3 Supplementary Services Some of the Supplementary Services are as follows: 1.Advice of charge:- This SS details the cost of a call in progress. 2. Barring of all outgoing calls: – This SS blocks outgoing calls. 3. Barring of international calls:- This SS blocks incoming or outgoing international calls as a whole or only those associated with a specific basic service, as desired. 4. Barring of roaming calls: – This SS blocks all the incoming roaming calls or only those associated with a specific service. 5. Call forwarding:- This SS forwards all incoming calls, or only those associated with a specific basic service, to another directory number.The forwarding may be unconditional or may be performed when the mobile subscriber is busy, when there is no reply, when the mobile subscriber is not reachable, or when there is radio congestion. 6. Call hold: – This SS allows interruption of a communication on an existing call. Subsequent reestablishment of the call is permitted. 7. Call waiting: – This SS permits the notification of an incoming call when the mobile subscriber is busy. 8. Call transfer: – This SS permits the transference of an established incoming or outgoing call to a third party. 9.Completion of calls to busy subscribers: – This SS allows notification of when a busy called subscriber becomes free. At this time, if desired, the call is reinitiated. 10. Closed user group:- This SS allows a group of subscribers to communicate only among themselves. 11. Calling number identification presentation/restriction: – This SS permit s the presentation or restricts the presentation of the calling party’s identification number (or additional address information). 12. Connected number identification presentation: – This SS indicatChapter 2 GSM Identitieses the phone number that has been reached Chapter 2 GSM Identities 2.Classification of GSM IDENTITY NUMBER  ¦Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN)  ¦International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)  ¦Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN)  ¦International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)  ¦Location Area Identity (LAI) .2. 1 Mobile Station ISDN Number (MSISDN) The MSISDN is a number which uniquely identifies a mobile telephone subscription in the public switched telephone network numbering plan. According to the CCITT recommendations, the mobile telephone number or catalogue number to be dialled is composed in the following way: MSISDN = CC + NDC + SN CC = Country Code NDC = National Destination CodeSN = Subscriber Number E. g. 919822012345 = 91 + 98 + 22 + 012345 A National Destination Code is allocated to each GSM PLMN. In some countries, more than one NDC may be required for each GSM PLMN. The international MSISDN number may be of variable length. The maximum length shall be 15 digits, prefixes not included. 2. 2 International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) The IMSI is the information which uniquely identifies a subscriber in a GSM/PLMN. For a correct identification over the radio path and through the GSM PLMN network, a specific identity is allocated to each subscriber.This identity is called the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) and is used for all signalling in the PLMN. It will be stored in the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), as well as in the Home Location Register (HLR) and in the serving Visitor Location Register (VLR). The IMSI consists of three different parts: IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN MCC = Mobile Country Code (3 digits) MNC = Mobile Network Code (2 digits) MSIN = Mobile Subscriber Ident ification Number (max 10 digits) e. g. 404 + 22 +0000123456 According to the GSM recommendations, the IMSI will have a length of maximum 15 digits.All network–related subscriber information is connected to the IMSI 2. 3 Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) HLR knows in what MSC/VLR Service Area the subscriber is located. In order to provide a temporary number to be used for routing, the HLR requests the current MSC/VLR to allocate and return a Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN) for the called subscriber At reception of the MSRN, HLR sends it to the GMSC, which can now route the call to the MSC/VLR exchange where the called subscriber is currently registered.The interrogation call routing function (request for an MSRN) is part of the Mobile Application Part (MAP). All data exchanged between the GMSC – HLR – MSC/VLR for the purpose of interrogation is sent over the No. 7 signalling network. The Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN), according to the GSM recommend ations, consists of three parts: MSRN = CC + NDC + SN CC = Country Code NDC = National Destination Code SN = Subscriber Number e. g. : 91 + 98 + 22 + 005XXX where, 005XXX is sent by MSC. 00 is for Pune MSC, 20 is for Nagpur MSC, 10 is for Goa MSC.Note: In this case, SN is the address to the serving MSC The IMEI is used for equipment identification. An IMEI uniquely identifies a mobile station as a piece or assembly of equipment. (See IMEI, chapter 5. ) IMEI = TAC + FAC + SNR + sp TAC = Type Approval Code (6 digits), determined by a central GSM body FAC = Final Assembly Code (2 digits), identifies the manufacturer SNR = Serial Number (6 digits), an individual serial number of six digits uniquely identifying all equipment within each TAC and FAC sp = spare for future use (1 digit) e. g. 52518 + 00 + 581976 + 3 Where, 35 is for Nokia Handsets According to the GSM specification, IMEI has the length of 15 digits. 2. 5 Location Area Identity (LAI) LAI is used for location updating of mobi le subscribers. LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC MCC = Mobile Country Code (3 digits), identifies the country. It follows the same numbering plan as MCC in IMSI. MNC = Mobile Network Code (2 digits), identifies the GSM/PLMN in that country and follows the same numbering plan as the MNC in IMSI. LAC = Location Area Code, identifies a location area within a GSM PLMN network.The maximum length of LAC is 16 bits, enabling 65 536 different location areas to be defined in one GSM PLMN. E. g. 404 +22 + 10000 where 10000 is the LAC for Pune. 2. 6 Cell Global Identity (CGI) CGI is used for cell identification within the GSM network. This is done by adding a Cell Identity (CI) to the location area identity. CGI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI CI = Cell Identity, identifies a cell within a location area, maximum 16 bits e. g. 404 + 22 + 10000 + 726 Where, 404 + 22 + 10000 is the LAI for Pune and 726 are the CI of one of the cells of Pune. CI is different for all the three sectors of the cell. . 7 Base Station Ide ntity Code (BSIC) BSIC allows a mobile station to distinguish between different neighbouring base stations. BSIC = NCC + BCC NCC = Network Colour Code (3 bits), identifies the GSM PLMN. Note that it does not uniquely identify the operator. NCC is primarily used to distinguish between operators on each side of border. BCC = Base Station Colour Code (3 bits), identifies the Base Station to help distinguish between BTS using the same BCCH frequencies e. g. 71 Where 7 is the NCC for IDEA Operator. and 1 is the BCC. BCC can range from 0 to 7 Chapter 3 GSM Network ElementsGSM stands for Global System for Mobile communication & is a globally accepted standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile telephone standard that would formulate specifications for a pan-European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz. It is estimated that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partn ership. GSM provides recommendations, not requirements. The GSM specifications define the functions and interface requirements in detail but do not address the hardware.The reason for this is to limit the designers as little as possible but still to make it possible for the operators to buy equipment from different suppliers. The GSM network is divided into three major systems: ? The switching system (SS) ? The base station system (BSS) ?The operation and support system (OSS) 3. 1 GSM BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM Department of E&C 2010 Lovely Institute of Technology, Phagwara 14 RF OPTIMIZATION AND PLANNING 3. 2 BASIC GSM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE 3. 2. 1 SWITCHING CENTRE Department of E&C 2010 Lovely Institute of Technology, Phagwara

Add Math Sba Essay Example

Add Math Sba Essay Example Add Math Sba Essay Add Math Sba Essay To fulfill this task the use of calculus is needed along with other mathematical ethos to help design a best suitable and cheap packaging that will be used to carry a grand amount of smaller products while cost remain in a stead/safe amount. Mathematical Formulation Below is a list of formulas applied to each question A. Tan = B. Substitution Area of triangle + Area of rectangle= Area of pentagon C. Differentiation D. The quadratic equation The quadratic formula OR Factorization of the quadratic formula Problem solution yes D CACM A Problem diagram c i) F is the mid-point of line BE and Its also the perpendicular of triangle EAI. The line OAF cuts triangle OAF in half resulting in two isosceles triangles. Since CUBICAL= CAFE and DC=BE, then FEB. and BEEF are both equal to corn. , , then Therefore ii) Since the total cross-sectional area is CACM then: Make y the subject in equation (i) Now sub (i) into (ii) Maximum area When the maximum area: Therefore the maximum cross-sectional area is 540 When the equation is divided by 60 it becomes: These are the two possible values of x that satisfies the maximum cross- sectional area being 300 300 480 540 Prism length=CM Since x=l, cross-sectional area=300 and cross-sectional perimeter=CACM Volume of prism= When the sides of the container is opened up it makes a net consisting off faces, 2 pentagonal faces and 5 rectangular faces. Length=cross-sectional perimeter=CACM Width-?prism length=CM Area of -?450 Total surface area (sum of the areas of each face) = Cross-sectional area+ area of rectangles +450 =1050 Fixed costs=$6000 Variable costs-? and Average costs (AC) For average cost to be a minimum X=600{Therefore 600 units has to be produced to maintain average cost at its minimum level. Since x=600 gives a minimum value Application of Solution Since x (the number of units produced) is equaled to 600, the average cost Of the product using the formula: Therefore the possible minimum average cost is $25 per unit Conclusion It was determined that the Trine Chocolate delights Ltd. Had to produce 600 units at the minimum average cost of $25 per tin of chocolates. Also the maximum cross-sectional area was determined to be 300 if the value of x was either CM or LLC. Since x (the number Of units produced) is equaled to 600, the average cost Of either CM or 1 CM.

USA responsibility for fostering the growth and development of the EEC Article

USA responsibility for fostering the growth and development of the EEC - Article Example In addition, they believed that an integrated Europe could play a greater political role in the world. The economic gains to be derived from European integration were recognized long before the postwar era, but post-World War II developments made them greater and more visible. The benefits come from expanding the size of the market open to producers. They are thus able to obtain the economies of scale resulting from mass production and specialization, and the economy as a whole can gain from the effects of greater competition. The advantages of integration assumed greater importance in the 1950's because technological developments that occurred during and after the war increased the size of the market necessary to support efficient industry. Competition from large U.S. business firms seemed insurmountable to European firms faced with small, fragmented markets and equipped with obsolete machinery. Larger markets and protection from the competition of U.S. products were thought necessary to sustain rapid European growth. Both could be obtained through economic integration. The political gains from integration seemed at the time to be even more important than the economic ones. The destructive war in Europe was not followed by peace but by cold war. Under Joseph Stalin, the Soviet Union threatened the very existence of European governments. Germany was divided and faced a powerful Russian army on its frontier. Italy and France both experienced great uncertainties from having large Communist minorities within their borders. In this situation, only the military power of the United States maintained security. But the Europeans felt that they had to make an important contribution to their own defense, both to avoid being totally dependent on the United States, and to prepare for the day when U.S military forces would be removed from European soil. Integration through supranational institutions was thought to be both a means of ensuring efficient expenditure of the resources Europeans felt they could devote to security, and a way of downgrading independent m ilitary establishments. In Germany, particularly, integration was viewed as a means of providing sufficient strength in the West to convince the Soviet Union that nothing could be gained from a continued division of Germany, in the hope that reunification would eventually be permitted. Conflicts over the goals of European unity and over the degree of supranationality of its institutions have marked the European movement during the postwar period. Indeed, the most far-reaching attempts to institutionalize unity through the European Defense Community (EDC) and the companion European Political Community (EPC) foundered on issues directly related to these conflicts. In order to circumvent this problem, the promoters of the "European idea" decided to concentrate their efforts on economic integration. European governments ( France in particular) could enter into agreements in the economic sphere, as demonstrated by the formation and continued existence of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), but were not prepared to accept a direct attack on national sovereignty, as shown by the defeat of the EDC proposal. Thus, the Rome Treaty establishing the EEC is devoid of provisions for political integration. (Nugent, 2006) However, political motives were paramount, and th e ultimate objective of the

A Person who Had a Significant Influence on You Essay

A Person who Had a Significant Influence on You - Essay Example It is much harder for outsiders to make their mark in an established market, and so I admire him particularly for achieving this, and for making it possible for others to follow in his footsteps. Sebastian Kaindl has always believed in my ability, and I have been working with him very seriously since 2009. At first I noticed mainly that he knew all about the various skills and techniques that a professional footballer needs to work on. I valued him for his knowledge, and I followed his instructions very closely. He invented a special training system to build explosive, fast and strong athletes, and I was extremely keen to follow this career path, and so I concentrated on the detail of the footwork, on building up speed, and understanding the difficult arts of changing direction and sprinting mechanics. These are subjects which I had found quite boring in school, but when they are understood in the context of football it becomes very clear why we need to know about them. Sebastian Kai ndl has a great enthusiasm about the knowledge that lies behind the game, and this enthusiasm is evident in all the classes that he takes. For someone who is so successful, he is also quite a modest guy. He told me that other people have done excellent work in designing training methods in the past, and that we should never give up learning how to improve what we do. He incorporated some of Louie Simmon’s techniques, for example, because thought that this was the best approach for strength techniques. I noticed also that Sebastian Kaindl takes notice of the individual needs and situation of each athlete. In the past I have taken part in training squads where one set of exercises was designed for the whole group, and no variation was allowed. This might be good for creating team spirit but it is not the best way to achieve individual excellence. Thanks to Sebastian Kaindl I have learned to believe in myself, and to push always for a training regime that is ideally suited for m y needs. The mix of exercises that I have been doing with him ranges from Boxsquatting with bands, to Olympic lifts, medicine ball work and a wide variety of different jumps. I don’t know where he learned all these different techniques, but he certainly knows how to pick them and build them into a tailor-made regime for each person. When I was younger I used to think that being good at football was all about technique and fitness. Thanks to Sebastian Kaindl’s training and personal example I have learned that there is a lot more to it than that. Some of the things that make the difference between a good player and a great player are more to do with how a person thinks. One of the first lessons I learned from him was that discipline has to come from inside yourself, and that developing self-discipline leads on to reliability, dedication continuity and all the qualities that football managers and leaders look for in their players. I have seen so many examples of exception ally talented players who have ruined their chances through lack of discipline for example in terms of sticking to the prescribed diet or attending all of the sessions. I used to watch him as he prepared for a session and it was clear that he came with his mind already fully focused on the task ahead. He was not late for appointments and he treated people with